{"id":4681,"date":"2025-08-12T02:04:58","date_gmt":"2025-08-12T02:04:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ndl.gov.np\/?page_id=4681"},"modified":"2025-11-06T12:37:51","modified_gmt":"2025-11-06T12:37:51","slug":"eresources","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ndl.gov.np\/?page_id=4681","title":{"rendered":"eResources"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4681\" class=\"elementor elementor-4681\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88099ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"88099ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3afc13 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d3afc13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f26a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" 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Such problems can\r\naid in predicting the time in the cour...<\/span><\/p><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"toggle-abstract\" data-target=\"abstract_1\" data-full=\"Heat transfer problems are related with various disciplines including biomedical\r\nsciences and have a role both in treatment and diagnosis. Such problems can\r\naid in predicting the time in the course of treatment or giving information on\r\nthe temperature where, thermometry is lacking. The balance between the heat\r\ngeneration and loss from the body to environment is very important to maintain\r\nbody core temperature. Any physiological abnormality will disturb the homeo-\r\nstatic conditions for the temperature. Therefore, the study of heat transfer under\r\nnormal and abnormal conditions will be useful for various clinical conditions.\r\nThe study of body skin temperature is an essential aspect to understand\r\ntemperature regulation in human. Skin temperature is usually not uniform over\r\nthe body surface, because it varies with the surrounding conditions. Skin temper-\r\nature is one of the major factors determining heat exchange with the environment.\r\nIt provides the thermoregulatory system with important information about the\r\nneed to conserve or dissipate heat.\r\nThere are clear statistical facts indicating the importance of evaluating\r\nindividual temperature distribution. The _rst such fact is apparent: all human\r\nbeings have more or less individual body composition and di_erent tissue types\r\n(e.g. bone, muscle, fat and skin), their amount and distributions. The second\r\nrelevant fact is that di_erent tissue types have di_erent orders of magnitude in\r\nmetabolic heat generation, perfusion and perspiration, and individual body com-\r\nposition are the major factors for thermo regulation in human males and females\r\nbody.\r\nAbout 50% \udbc0\udc00 80% of the heat ow in the tissue is carried in or out of the\r\ntissue by the blood ow [74]. Skin is a complicated structure with many functions\r\nand if any one of the functions could not work, rash or abnormal sensation is the\r\nresult. Thermally signi_cant blood vessels are generally in a thermal scale of less\r\nthan 300_m [48]. So it has been di_cult to make temperature measuring devices\r\nwith su_cient resolution to measure temperature uctuation. In all cases, exper-\r\nimental results could not possible, modeling should be necessary.\r\nActually, our body is divided in to the inner and outer cells. Temperature\r\nis relatively uniform in the core, but outer cell (skin and subcutaneous tissue)\r\ntemperature is not uniform over the body surface. It varies with surrounding\r\ncondition. If our body core temperature aries around 41_ death will occurs. On\r\nthe other hand, if the core temperature reaches 33_C, the person becomes un-\r\nconscious, below this level death will occur [85]. So, it is important to know how\r\nthe human body behaves under di_erent surrounding conditions.\r\nBesides a large number of publications dealing with thermoregulation of\r\nmales body, very few are the females. It can therefore be argued that conclusions\r\nregarding sex-related di_erences in temperature regulation remain limited and\r\nthe mathematical modeling should be necessary.\r\nThe present thesis deals with variational _nite element techniques for one\r\nand two dimensional steady states and transient temperature distribution model\r\nof human males and females dermal part. The modi_ed form of Pennes bio-heat\r\nequation has been used in the model for temperature distribution in the layers.\r\nThe shape function for temperatures in the layers has been considered as a linear\r\nfunction of depth. The thickness of layers has been measured perpendicularly\r\nfrom the outer skin surface towards body core. It is assumed that the outer sur-\r\nface of the skin is exposed to the environment and the loss of heat from the skin\r\nsurface is assumed due to convection, radiation and sweat evaporation.\r\nIn our study, thickness of the fatty part of females subcutaneous tissue\r\nis considered slightly thicker as compared with males due to greater amount of\r\nsubcutaneous fat of females. The human skin layer is discretized, namely stra-\r\ntum corneum, stratum germinativum, papillary region, reticular region, fatty and\r\nmuscle parts of subcutaneous tissue. In two dimensional analysis, the skin layer\r\nis divided into 180 nodal elements with triangular shape having total 114 nodes\r\nfor males and 200 nodal elements with triangular shape having total 126 nodes\r\nfor females.\r\nThe thesis is divided into six chapters. chapter-wise brief description of\r\nthe present study is as follows:\r\nChapter 1 deals with the general introduction of human males and females\r\nskin layer anatomy and physiology. It also deals heat transform mechanisms in\r\nhuman males and females skin layers namely conduction, convection, radiation,\r\nevaporation, perfusion and metabolism. It covers physical and physiological dif-\r\nferences of heat regulation in human males and females skin. The derivation of\r\nPennes bio-heat equation with its signi_cance of the model has been discussed.\r\nAt the end of this chapter, the literatures review of the earlier researcher in this\r\narea has been carried out.\r\nChapter 2 deals with the mathematical discussion of _nite element method.\r\nIt covers the basic theory of _nite elements, calculus of variations, weak formu-\r\nlations and _nite element model discretization. The _nite element procedure for\r\nbio-heat equation has been discussed.\r\nChapter 3 describes the study of metabolic e_ect relying on dermal thick-\r\nnesses of males and females for temperature distribution of the layers of dermal\r\npart at various atmospheric temperatures. The study has been carried out for\r\none and two dimensional steady states and transient cases using _nite element\r\nmethod. Lower percentage of muscle mass and higher percentage of adipose tissue\r\nin subcutaneous part of females result lower metabolic rate and higher subcuta-\r\nneous fat compared to males. Metabolism is considered as a heat source within\r\nthe body tissue.\r\nThe study delineates that males and females would di_er in their physio-\r\nlogical responses in temperature distribution due to di_erences in metabolic heat\r\nproduction between gender. The result shows that steady state temperature of\r\neach nodal is achieved earlier in case of males in comparison to females. The\r\nthinner layers of males lead to higher values of skin temperature than thicker\r\nlayer of females. Thickness plays signi_cant role for temperatures distribution\r\nin human males and females bodies. Convergence of temperature values due to\r\nmetabolism is carried out by varying the mesh sizes. The numerical results are\r\ncompared with past general human body simulated results.\r\nChapter 4 describes the comparative mathematical model of perfusion ef-\r\nfect analysis for temperature distribution in human males and females bodies in\r\ndi_erent thermal environments. Both, one and two dimensional steady states and\r\ntransient cases are studied. The solution of the mathematical model is presented\r\non the basis of variational _nite element method. The Pennes bio-heat equation\r\nhas been used for the study of the model that it incorporates the blood perfusion\r\nor volumetric ow rate within the tissue. The appropriate physical and phys-\r\niological parameters together with suitable boundary conditions that a_ect the\r\nheat regulations have been incorporated in the model. The loss of heat from the\r\nouter surface of body to the environment is taken due to convection, radiation\r\nand sweat evaporation.\r\nThe result shows that steady state and transient temperature of each nodal\r\nis slightly higher and is achieved earlier in case of males in comparison to females.\r\nConvergence of temperature values due to perfusion by varying the mesh sizes\r\nhas been carried out. The validation of the numerical results have been checked.\r\nChapter 5 deals with comparative study of thermoregulation of human\r\nmales and females under hot zone due to sweating. The solution is presented on\r\nthe basis of variational _nite element method for one and two dimensional steady\r\nand transient cases. Sweating is considered as a heat loss within the body by\r\nevaporation of water inside the body. The sweating rate for male is calculated by\r\nthe relation:\r\nE = 8:47 _ 10\udbc0\udc005(0:1 _ Tsk + 0:9 _ Tb) \udbc0\udc00 36:6_C [kg=m2=sec]\r\nwhere, Tsk = T0 (Outer skin surface temperature), Tb = 37_ (Body core temper-\r\nature).\r\nThe sweat rate in females is less compared to males due to the lower\r\ndensity of sweat gland and hormonal pattern in females. So, coe_cient of Tb is\r\nconsidered as 0:7 instead of 0:9 in above relation for females [44].\r\nThe analysis sought out that tissue temperature in males is slightly higher\r\nas compared to females when atmospheric temperature T1 is less than body core\r\ntemperature. But, the females tissue temperature is higher, when T1 exceeds\r\n37_C. The steady state nodal temperature is achieved earlier in case of males\r\nin comparison to females. Convergence of temperature values due to sweating is\r\ncarried out by varying the mesh element size. The numerical results are compared\r\nwith past simulated general human body (male) results.\r\nChapter 6 describes one and two dimensional mathematical models for\r\ntissue temperature distribution during follicular and luteal phases of females.\r\nThe study is further carried out for the temperature distribution results of these\r\nphases as compared to males temperature distribution. The analysis presents that\r\nduring the luteal phase of females, the tissue temperature is lower as compared\r\nto males, when atmospheric temperature T1 falls below the body core tempera-\r\nture. Likewise, females luteal phase temperature is slightly higher as compared\r\nto males, when T1 exceeds the body core temperature. But, females follicular\r\nphase temperature is lower as compared to females luteal phase and males body\r\ntemperature either T1 is greater or less than the body core. The above di_er-\r\nences of females compared to males under the same atmospheric conditions may\r\nbe the causes of females hormonal variation during the menstrual cycle phases.\" data-short=\"Heat transfer problems are related with various disciplines including biomedical\r\nsciences and have a role both in treatment and diagnosis. Such problems can\r\naid in predicting the time in the cour...\" style=\"font-size:0.9em; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; cursor:pointer;\">Show more<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"thesis-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:25px;\"><div class=\"thesis-info\"><h5 style=\"margin:0 0 5px; font-size:1.1em;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ndr.ndl.gov.np\/handle\/123456789\/381\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#0066cc;\">Women Entrepreneurship in Nepal<\/a><\/h5><p style=\"margin:5px 0 10px; color:#666; font-size:0.95em;\">By: Minu Sigdel (N\/A, 2019-03-26)<\/p><p style=\"margin:10px 0 5px; font-size:0.95em;\"><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> <span id=\"abstract_2\" class=\"thesis-abstract\">Entrepreneurship refers to the act of setting up a new business or reviving an existing business so as to take advantage from new opportunity (Bhardwaj et.al, 2011). The Webster Dictionary defines ...<\/span><\/p><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"toggle-abstract\" data-target=\"abstract_2\" data-full=\"Entrepreneurship refers to the act of setting up a new business or reviving an existing business so as to take advantage from new opportunity (Bhardwaj et.al, 2011). The Webster Dictionary defines an entrepreneur as a person who organizes and manages his enterprise and assumes the risk in a business. Cantillon (Henry Higgs, ed. and trans. 1959) describes an entrepreneur as a person who pays a certain price for a product to resell it at an uncertain price, thereby making decision about obtaining and using resources while consequently assuming the risks of enterprise. According to Cantillon (Henry Higgs, ed. and trans. 1959) anyone who bought and sold at uncertain prices was an entrepreneur. He illustrated his concept of entrepreneur by taking the case of a farmer. A farmer pays out contractual incomes, which are &#039;certain&#039; to the landlords and labourers; and sells at prices that are &#039;uncertain&#039;.\r\nIn the same way Oxford English Dictionary defines entrepreneur as &quot;one who undertakes an enterprise, especially a contractor- acting as intermediary between capital and labour&quot; undertaking of an enterprise that involves combining capital and labour for the purpose of production. Anyone who undertakes this task is an entrepreneur.\r\nEntrepreneurship is given the significant importance due to its visible impact in wealth creation and employment generation. It has assumed super importance for accelerating economic growth both in developed and developing countries. It promotes capital formation and creates wealth in the country. It reduces unemployment, poverty and is a pathway to a prosperous life (Bhardwaj et.al, 2011). Entrepreneurship is the process of exploring the opportunities in the market place and arranging resources required to exploit these opportunities for long term gain (Deshpande &amp; Sethi, 2009). Entrepreneurship is a creative and innovative skill. It requires planning and organizing opportunities, assuming risk and adapting to an ever changing political, social and economic environment (Deshpande &amp; Sethi, 2009).\" data-short=\"Entrepreneurship refers to the act of setting up a new business or reviving an existing business so as to take advantage from new opportunity (Bhardwaj et.al, 2011). The Webster Dictionary defines ...\" style=\"font-size:0.9em; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; cursor:pointer;\">Show more<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"thesis-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:25px;\"><div class=\"thesis-info\"><h5 style=\"margin:0 0 5px; font-size:1.1em;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ndr.ndl.gov.np\/handle\/123456789\/478\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#0066cc;\">LEAF MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS OF PAPER BIRCH POPULATIONS ALONG ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS ACROSS CANADA<\/a><\/h5><p style=\"margin:5px 0 10px; color:#666; font-size:0.95em;\">By: PYAKUREL, ANJALA (N\/A, 2019-03-25)<\/p><p style=\"margin:10px 0 5px; font-size:0.95em;\"><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> <span id=\"abstract_3\" class=\"thesis-abstract\">Leaf morphology and anatomy have been found to vary considerably among tree species, and leaf characteristics have widely been used for analyzing plant growth and resource use strategies because of...<\/span><\/p><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"toggle-abstract\" data-target=\"abstract_3\" data-full=\"Leaf morphology and anatomy have been found to vary considerably among tree species, and leaf characteristics have widely been used for analyzing plant growth and resource use strategies because of their structural adaptation to withstand environments. Considering the changing climate projections, early-successional, broad niched species like paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) are expected to increase dominance due to a zonal shift of natural vegetation and\/or open gaps within the current vegetation zones. Hence, it is important to understand factors such as leaf characteristics that enable these pioneer species to inhabit a wide geographic range and their increasing dominance.\r\nPaper birch is a pioneer tree species in North America that inhabits wide climatic and geographic gradients; in addition, the species has developed different leaf morphology and anatomy that have allowed paper birch to adapt to diverse habitats. This study examines how the leaf characteristics of paper birch vary under uniform and stressed environments. The major objectives were (a) to investigate leaf characteristics variations in paper birch populations grown in uniform environmental conditions as in a greenhouse and a common garden; (b) to correlate between leaf characteristics and paper birch\u2019s environment of origins; (c) to investigate leaf characteristic variations in paper birch populations grown under different carbon dioxide concentrations [CO2] and soil water levels to determine the relationship between leaf characteristics and individual or interacting effects of [CO2], water levels and populations; and (d) to analyze the relationship within and between leaf morphology and anatomy of the birch populations.\" data-short=\"Leaf morphology and anatomy have been found to vary considerably among tree species, and leaf characteristics have widely been used for analyzing plant growth and resource use strategies because of...\" style=\"font-size:0.9em; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; cursor:pointer;\">Show more<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"thesis-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:25px;\"><div class=\"thesis-info\"><h5 style=\"margin:0 0 5px; font-size:1.1em;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ndr.ndl.gov.np\/handle\/123456789\/158\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#0066cc;\">Effect of zingiber officinale rhizome extracts and [6]-gingerol on the activity and expression of mmp-2,-9 and timp-1, 2 involved in vascular leakage in an in vitro model of dengue virus-3 infection}<\/a><\/h5><p style=\"margin:5px 0 10px; color:#666; font-size:0.95em;\">By: Koirala Sharma, Binita (N\/A, 2018-03-02)<\/p><p style=\"margin:10px 0 5px; font-size:0.95em;\"><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> <span id=\"abstract_4\" class=\"thesis-abstract\">Severe dengue following dengue virus (DV) infection is caused by increased\r\nvascular permeability leading to hypovolemic shock. The role of matrix\r\nmetalloproteinases (MMPs) and their regulation by...<\/span><\/p><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"toggle-abstract\" data-target=\"abstract_4\" data-full=\"Severe dengue following dengue virus (DV) infection is caused by increased\r\nvascular permeability leading to hypovolemic shock. The role of matrix\r\nmetalloproteinases (MMPs) and their regulation by tissue inhibitor of\r\nmetalloproteinases (TIMPs) have been established in vascular permeability.\r\nControl of MMPs and TIMPs activity is of great significance to prevent vascular\r\npermeability caused by DV infection. Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ZO), is one of the\r\nmost frequently and heavily consumed dietary condiments with anti-oxidant,\r\nanti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer properties. This research\r\ninvestigated the effects of ZO rhizome extracts and pure [6]-gingerol on the\r\nactivity and expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 to ameliorate\r\nleakage induced by DV infection using an in vitro model of DV infection. Total\r\nphenolic contents in terms of mg gallic acid equivalents\/ gram for methanol\r\n(ZOM) and aqueous extract (ZOA) were 252.89 \u00b1 0.56, 68.17\u00b10.28 and possessed\r\n137.32 \u00b1 2.47, 29.32\u00b11.97 mg [6]-gingerol content per gram of extract were\r\ndetermined using high performance liquid chromatography. The median\r\ninhibitory concentration (IC50) value of ZOM, ZOA were 221.5\u03bcg\/mL, 348.8\u03bcg\/mL\r\nfor Vero cells and 186.4, 368.1\u03bcg\/mL, respectively for MDCK cells as revealed by\r\nthe MTT assay. The activity of MMP-2 and to a lesser extent MMP-9 were\r\nsignificantly enhanced in the conditioned media (CM) collected from the dengue\r\nvirus infected Vero cells compared to CM from non-infected cells (p&lt;0.0001).\r\nThe activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly inhibited following\r\ntreatment with ZOM, [6]-gingerol and ZOA in concentration dependent manner\r\nas demonstrated by zymography. mRNA expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were\r\nsignificantly upregulated accompanied by the downregulation of mRNA\r\nexpression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by ZOM, pure [6]-gingerol and ZOA in a dosedependent\r\nmanner as demonstrated by qReal time RT-PCR in dose dependent\r\nmanner. The in vitro permeability assay showed that CM from DV-infected Vero\r\ncells contain soluble and active factors like MMPs favoring increase of MDCK\r\nmonolayer permeability compared to CM collected from non-infected cells\r\n(p&lt;0.0001). ZOM, [6]-gingerol and ZOA reduced the permeability caused by\r\nMMPs in a dose dependent manner. The results of this study suggest that\r\nZingiber officinale rhizome extracts and pure [6]-gingerol may be effective in the\r\ncontrol of DV-induced permeability through the reduction of activities and\r\nexpression of proteases which degrade the adhesion molecules between cells.\r\nThis may provide the basis for developing new and effective methods in\r\ncontrolling severe dengue complications that warrant further investigation.\" data-short=\"Severe dengue following dengue virus (DV) infection is caused by increased\r\nvascular permeability leading to hypovolemic shock. The role of matrix\r\nmetalloproteinases (MMPs) and their regulation by...\" style=\"font-size:0.9em; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; cursor:pointer;\">Show more<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"thesis-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:25px;\"><div class=\"thesis-info\"><h5 style=\"margin:0 0 5px; font-size:1.1em;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ndr.ndl.gov.np\/handle\/123456789\/540\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#0066cc;\">Antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens with reference to extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase production<\/a><\/h5><p style=\"margin:5px 0 10px; color:#666; font-size:0.95em;\">By: Chaudhary, Navin Kumar (N\/A, 2019-03-29)<\/p><p style=\"margin:10px 0 5px; font-size:0.95em;\"><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> <span id=\"abstract_5\" class=\"thesis-abstract\">Emerging antibiotic resistance due to extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamases\r\n(ESBLs) production limited the use of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics against uropathogens. The\r\ncurrent prospective study was conducted i...<\/span><\/p><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"toggle-abstract\" data-target=\"abstract_5\" data-full=\"Emerging antibiotic resistance due to extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamases\r\n(ESBLs) production limited the use of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics against uropathogens. The\r\ncurrent prospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology,\r\nYuvaraja\u2019s College, Mysore, India from December 2010 to December 2013 by\r\ncollecting samples from K.R. Hospital and C.S.I. Holdsworth Memorial Hospital,\r\nMysore. Three hundred urine specimen were collected from the symptomatic patient\r\nof urinary tract infection (UTI) and study continued further with an aim to determine\r\nthe prevalence of UTI, the effect of gender and age on its prevalence, microscopic\r\nfindings, profile of etiological uropathogens, their antimicrobial resistance pattern,\r\nfurther detection of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) and containment of\r\nspread of drug resistant bacteria in hospital.\r\nIn the present study, 160 (53.4%) of the urine specimen were received from\r\nfemales and remaining 140 (46.6%) from males. Microscopic examination of the urine\r\nspecimen revealed pyuria (pus cells &gt;10 HPF-1) in 50.0% of the case and hematuria in\r\n(RBCs &gt;10 HPF-1) in 10.0% (P &lt; 0.000, \u03c72 42.000). Detection of pyuria gives the\r\nearly presumptive diagnosis of UTI, which helps to start the empirical treatment early.\r\nThe urine culture study revealed significant bacteriuria in 180 (60%) (P &lt; 0.001,\r\n\u03c7212.000); among them 91 (50.5%) were from outpatient department and 89 (49.5%)\r\nfrom inpatient department. In the present study, the reason for high prevalence of UTI\r\ncould be due to the selection of only symptomatic patients. Because of the short\r\nurethra, close proximity of the female urethral meatus to anus, heavy periurethral\r\ncutaneous colonization, sexual intercourse and poor personal hygiene influences the\r\nhigher prevalence of UTI in females, which proves true in the present study where\r\nmajority of significant bacteriuria 111 (61.7%) were seen in females and remaining 69\r\n(38.3%) were seen in males. With advance of age in male due to prostatic enlargement\r\nand neurogenic bladder chances of acquitting UTI is high, which proves true in the\r\npresent study where majority (75.4%) of significant bacteriuria in males was seen in\r\nhigher age group i.e., &gt;50 years. The scenario is just reverse in the females. In females\r\nmajority (83.8%) of the significant bacteriuria cases were seen in age group 11-50\r\nyears. This findings indicates that in females UTI is much common problem in\r\nyounger age compared to older age group &gt;50 years. This might be due to several\r\nxiii\r\nfactors but the most important one is that females are highly sexually active during\r\nreproductive phase of life which falls within this range of age. Among significant\r\nbacteriuria, 165 (91.7%) were having growth of single species of bacteria, whereas 15\r\n(8.3%) yielded the growth of two different bacterial species (P &lt; 0.000, \u03c72125.000).\r\nGram negative bacilli (GNB) posses several virulence factors responsible for their\r\nattachment to uroepithelium. They colonize the urogenital mucosa with adhesins, pili\r\nand fimbriae, this enhances the probability of UTI, which is true in the present study,\r\namong 195 isolated uropathogens, 180 (92.3%) were GNB and 15 (7.7%) were gram\r\npositive cocci (GPC) (P &lt; 0.000, \u03c72139.615). Bacteriological profile of uropathogens\r\nrevealed Escherichia coli, 110 (56.4%) as the leading pathogen; followed by\r\nKlebsiella pneumoniae, 30 (15.4%); K. oxitoca, 10 (5.1%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa,\r\n10 (5.1%); Proteus mirabilis, 6 (3.1%); Enterobacter aerogenes, 6 (3.1%);\r\nCitrobacter freundii, 4 (2.1%); Acinetobacter anitratus, 4 (2.1%); Staphylococcus\r\naureus, 6 (3.1%); S. saprophyticus, 4 (2.1%) and Enterococcus faecalis, 5 (2.6%)\r\n(P &lt; 0.000, \u03c72 559.826). The overall resistance pattern of uropathogens were 195\r\n(100.0%) for ampicillin, 152 (78.0%) for nalidixic acid, 148 (75.8%) for cefixime, 141\r\n(72.3%) for norfloxacin, 139 (71.3%) for cotrimoxazole, 135 (69.2%) for\r\nciprofloxacin, 134 (68.7%) for amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, 123 (63.1%) for\r\nceftazidime, 113 (58.0%) for aztreonam and ceftriaxone, 105 (53.8%) for cefotaxime\r\nand cefpodoxime, 83 (42.6%) for gentamicin, 72 (36.9%) nitrofurantoin, 63 (32.3%)\r\nfor amikacin, 10 (5.1%) for cefoxitin and imipenem and 9 (4.6%) for meropenem.\r\nThe resistance pattern of ESBLs producing E. coli were 95% for\r\namoxicillin\/clavulanic acid and cotrimoxazole, 91.7% for nalidixic acid, 90.0% for\r\ncefotaxime and cefpodoxime, 88.7% for norfloxacin, 86.7% for ciprofloxacin, 83.3%\r\nfor cefixime and ceftazidime, 76.7% for aztreonam and ceftriaxone, 63.3% for\r\ngentamicin, 60.0% for nitrofurantoin, 41.7% for amikacin, 10.0% for imipenem and\r\n8.3% for meropenem. The resistance pattern of non-ESBL producer E. coli were 66%\r\nfor nalidixic acid, 60.0% for norfloxacin, 54.0% for cefixime, 52.0% for\r\namoxicillin\/clavulanic acid and cotrimoxazole, 50.0% for ciprofloxacin, 44.0% for\r\nceftazidime, 40.0% for aztreonam and ceftriaxone, 16.0% for nitrofurantoin, 12.0%\r\nfor cefotaxime, cefpodoxime and gentamicin, 4.0% for amikacin and 0.0% for\r\nimipenem and meropenem. The resistance pattern of ESBLs producer K. pneumoniae\r\nxiv\r\nwere 94.7% for nalidixic acid, 89.5% for norfloxacin, 84.2% for cefixime, ceftazidime\r\nand ciprofloxacin, 79.0% for amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, aztreonam, cefpodoxime,\r\nceftriaxone, cefotaxime and cotrimoxazole, 63.3% for nitrofurantoin, 57.9% for\r\ngentamicin, 42.1% for amikacin, 15.8% for cefoxitin and imipenem and 10.5% for\r\nmeropenem. The resistance pattern of non-ESBLs producer K. pneumoniae were\r\n63.6% for nalidixic acid, 54.6% for amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid and norfloxacin,\r\n45.4% for cefixime, 27.3% for ciprofloxacin, 18.2% for aztreonam, cefotaxime,\r\ncefpodoxime, ceftriaxone and cotrimoxazole, 18.2% for amikacin, nitrofurantoin and\r\ngentamicin, 0.0% for cefoxitin, imipenem and meropenem. The resistance pattern of\r\nESBLs producer K. oxitoca was 80.0% for ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic\r\nacid and norfloxacin, followed by 60.0% for amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone,\r\naztreonam, cefpodoxime, cefotaxime, cefixime, ceftazidime and gentamicin, 40.0%\r\nfor amikacin and nitrofurantoin, 0.0% for cefoxitin and imipenem and 20.0%\r\nmeropenem. The resistance pattern of non-ESBLs producer K. oxitoca were 60.0% for\r\namoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, aztreonam, cefixime, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime,\r\nceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, gentamicin, nalidixic acid and\r\nnorfloxacin, followed by 40.0% for amikacin, nitrofurantoin, 0.0% for cefoxitin,\r\nimipenem and meropenem. The resistance pattern of ESBL producer P. aeruginosa\r\nwere 100.0% for cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid, followed by 75.0% for\r\namoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, aztreonam, cefixime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime,\r\nciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin, 50% for amikacin, cefpodoxime, cefotaxime,\r\ngentamicin and nitrofurantoin, 25.0% for cefoxitin, imipenem and meropenem. The\r\nresistance pattern of non-ESBL producer P. aeruginosa were 66.7% for\r\nciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin, followed by 50.0% for\r\namoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, aztreonam, cefixime, cefpodoxime, cefotaxime,\r\nceftriaxone, ceftazidime, 33.3% for gentamicin and nitrofurantoin, (16.7%) for\r\namikacin, 0.0% for cefoxitin, imipenem and meropenem. ESBLs producer gram\r\nnegative uropathogen were highly resistant to almost all the antibiotics tested\r\n(amikacin, amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, aztreonam, cefixime, cotrimoxazole,\r\nciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, gentamicin,\r\nnalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin and norfloxacin) in comparison to non-ESBL producer,\r\nwhere the range was as follows: 41.0-95.0% vs 40.0-66.0% for E. coli, 42.1- 94.7% vs\r\n18.2- 63.6% for K. pneumoniae, 40.0-80.0% vs 40.0-60.0% for K. oxitoca and 25.0-\r\nxv\r\n100.0% vs 16.7-66.7% for P. aeruginosa. The range of resistance for cefoxitin,\r\nimipenem and meropenem among ESBLs producer and non-ESBLs producer\r\nuropathogenic isolates was as follows, 8.3-10% vs 0.0% for E. coli, 10.5-15.8% vs\r\n0.0% for K. pneumoniae and 0.0-20.0% vs 0.0% for K. oxitoca. In the present study,\r\nthe phenotypic detection of ESBLs was done by double disc synergy test (DDST),\r\nClinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) confirmatory test and epsilometer\r\ntest (E-test) method. Among 180 gram negative uropathogens tested for ESBLs\r\nproduction by the phenotypic method 96 (53.3%) was positive. Among E. coli ESBLs\r\nproduction was seen in 60 (54.55%) of the isolates by DDST and CLSI confirmatory\r\ntest (P &gt;0.340, \u03c72 0.909), whereas by E-test ESBL production was detected in\r\n61(55.45%) (P &gt; 0.253, \u03c72 1.309). Among K. pneumoniae ESBL production was seen\r\nin 19 (63.3%) of the isolates by the phenotypic method (P &gt; 0.144, \u03c72 2.133), whereas\r\n50.0% of the K. oxitoca, P. mirabilis and C. freundii; (40.0%) of the P. aeruginosa,\r\n33.3% of the E. aerogenes and 25.0% of the A. anitratus was positive for ESBL\r\nproduction. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study revealed 54 (90.0%) positive for\r\nESBLs gene among E. coli (P &lt; 0.000, \u03c72 38.400); where blaCTX-M 36 (66.7%) was\r\nleading followed by blaSHV 10 (18.5%) and blaTEM 8 (14.8%) (P &lt; 0.000, \u03c72\r\n27.111); 17 (89.5%) positive for ESBLs gene among K. pneumoniae (P &lt; 0.001,\r\n\u03c7211.842); where blaCTX-M ESBLs 10 (58.8%) was the leading followed by blaSHV\r\n6 (35.3%) and blaTEM 1 (5.9%) (P &lt; 0.028, \u03c72 7.176); and 4 (80.0%) positive for\r\nESBLs gene among K. oxitoca, where blaCTX-M ESBLs 2 (50.0%) was the leading\r\nfollowed by blaSHV 1 (25.0%) and blaTEM 1 (25.0%). Out of 100 collected swab\r\nfrom hands of health care personnel and patients, bacterial growth recovered from 60\r\nwhich comprises six different bacterial genera, among them Staphylococcus sp. 58.3%\r\nwas the leading one, followed by P. aeruginosa 15.0%, E. coli and E. faecalis of\r\n8.3%, Klebsiella sp. and Acinetobacter sp. of 5.0%. The resistance pattern exhibited\r\nby pathogen isolated from hands swab was 40.0% for amikacin, 56.7% for\r\namoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, 60.0% for cefixime, 45.0% for cefotaxime, 48.3% for\r\nceftazidime, 45.0% for ceftriaxone, 55.0% for ciprofloxacin, 66.7% for cotrimoxazole,\r\n68.3% for nalidixic acid, 65.0% for norfloxacin, 46.7% for nitrofurantoin, 45.0% for\r\ngentamicin, 6.7% for imipenem and 5.0% for meropenem. The study revealed 36.0%\r\nof the respondent harbours S. aureus in nasal cavity, among them 16% were\r\nmethicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and remaining methicillin sensitive S. aureus\r\nxvi\r\n(MSSA). The distribution of organism isolated from swab specimen collected from\r\nvarious articles and surface of hospital revealed P. aeruginosa 23.1% as a leading\r\npathogen, followed by S. aureus and E. coli 16.2% each, coagulase negative S. aureus\r\n13.9%, E. faecalis 10.6%, K. pneumoniae 9.2%, Acinetobacter sp. 7.0%, Enterobacter\r\nsp. 2.2% and Proteus sp. 1.8%. The mean antimicrobial resistance pattern exhibited\r\nby the pathogens isolated from swab specimen collected from various articles and\r\nsurface of hospital was 42.5% for amikacin, 60.2% for amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid,\r\n63.8% for cefixime, 53.0% for cefotaxime, 54.4% for ceftazidime, 54.4% for\r\nceftriaxone, 65.1% for ciprofloxacin, 73.0% for cotrimoxazole, 75.0% for nalidixic\r\nacid, 66.5% for norfloxacin, 45.6% for nitrofurantoin, 46.0% for gentamycin, 6.5%\r\nfor imipenem and 6.0% for meropenem. The assessment of knowledge, attitudes and\r\npractices pertaining to prevention of infection control to prevent the spread of multi\r\ndrug resistant bacteria among different categories of health care personnel showed that\r\ndoctors had better knowledge-attitude-practice regarding infection control, followed\r\nby nurses\/ paramedical staff; whereas ward aides have very poor knowledge-attitudepractice\r\nfor the same. The rise and gradual drop in the scores seen among various\r\ncategories of health care personnel. The impact of education was similar in all\r\ncategories of health care personnel. So the present study recommends regular training\r\nof health care personnel especially ward aides regarding infection control. Monitoring\r\nof ESBLs production and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are necessary to avoid\r\ntreatment failure. Enhanced infection control programme is necessary to control the\r\nspread of multidrug resistant bacteria in hospital.\" data-short=\"Emerging antibiotic resistance due to extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamases\r\n(ESBLs) production limited the use of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics against uropathogens. The\r\ncurrent prospective study was conducted i...\" style=\"font-size:0.9em; color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; cursor:pointer;\">Show more<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"dspace-view-all\" style=\"margin-top:20px; padding-top:10px; border-top:1px solid #eee;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ndr.ndl.gov.np\/collections\/7116af0a-b95c-4bca-972e-e22635d78293\/search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:#0066cc; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold;\">Browse all Theses & Dissertations<\/a><\/div>\r\n    <script>\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\r\n        document.querySelectorAll('.toggle-abstract').forEach(function(btn) {\r\n            btn.addEventListener('click', function() {\r\n                var targetId = this.getAttribute('data-target');\r\n                var target = document.getElementById(targetId);\r\n                var full = this.getAttribute('data-full');\r\n                var short = this.getAttribute('data-short');\r\n  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